School of Business & Public Management

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A comparison of two sample approaches to regression calibration for measurement error correction
(International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, 2023) Kamun, Samuel J; Nyakundi, Cornelious; Simwa, Richard O
This study compares ways for improving regression calibration. This is a method for combining two samples in order to reduce measurement error and improve the relative efficiency of linear regression models. Since two or more samples are more likely than a single sample to accurately represent the population under study, two samples are used in regression calibration to produce a realistic picture of the actual population. In this investigation, we compared independent estimates derived from two samples using a weight equal to the reciprocal of the estimated sampling probability. The study also examined the estimations produced after combining the two datasets into one, and modified the weight of each sample unit accordingly. The most typical application of regression calibration methods is to account for bias in projected responses induced by measurement inaccuracies in variables. Because of its simplicity, this method is commonly utilized. The conditional expectation of the genuine response is estimated using regression calibration, given that the predictor variables are measured with error and the other covariates are assessed without error. Instead of the unknown genuine response, predictors are estimated and used to examine the link between response and result. Regression calibration programs necessitate extensive knowledge of unobservable true predictors. This information is frequently collected from validation studies that employ unbiased measurements of true predictors. The results of two sample strategies were employed and compared in this study. Device fault, laboratory mistake, human error, difficulty documenting or completing measurements, self-reported errors, and intrinsic vibrations of the underlying instrument can all cause measurement inaccuracies. Covariate measurement error has three consequences: In addition to obscuring data features and making graphical model analysis more difficult, estimates of statistical model parameters might be skewed, and effectiveness in detecting correlations between variables can be severely impaired. This study's two sampling procedures produced satisfactory results.
Antecedents of Brand Loyalty in Leading Supermarket Chains in Kenya: The Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction
(International Institute for Science, Technology, and Education, 2017) Muturi, Francis M; Omwenga, Jane; Owino, Edward
The purpose of the study was to establish the extent to which customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between service quality, brand image, customer perceived value with brand loyalty in leading supermarket chains in Kenya. The population of interest comprised of customers of supermarkets in Kenya. A supermarket store sample of 30 stores from Nairobi and Nakuru counties was picked at random from the list of the stores of the four main supermarkets (Nakumatt, Uchumi, Naivas & Tusky’s). A sample of 384 customer respondents was interviewed. The study used multiple linear regression analysis in a four step process which established that customer satisfaction significantly affects brand loyalty. The study also shows that customer satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between service quality, brand image, customer perceived value with brand loyalty in leading supermarkets in Kenya. The dimensions of brand Image, service quality and customer perceived value dimensions are antecedent to brand loyalty and are a significant marketing tool for retail stores that wish to enhance the customers repurchase intention and the intention to recommend. A higher level of customer satisfaction leads to brand loyalty which is paramount to being competitive in the marketplace. The study recommends that supermarkets must strive towards increasing customer satisfaction with a view of enhancing brand loyalty and market share retention.
Antecedents of Customer Perceived Value: Evidence of Mobile Phone Customers in Kenya.
(International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2014) Owino, Edward O.
As the mobile phone industry in Kenya gets competitive, customer retention becomes an imperative precursor to firm performance. For this reason, the study was so conceived to examine factors that influence customer perceived value amongst Kenyan mobile phone customers. The study analysed perceived service quality and the perception of price amongst cell phone users. A survey of 400 randomly selected respondents was undertaken. A structured instrument covering background information, customer expectation and customer perception was adopted in primary data collection. The results shows that perceived quality of service and perceived price determine customer’s perception of value. The results indicate the existence of a significant differences exist between what customers expect and what they perceive they experience after a service encounter. Service managers should compete on providing services of high value to gain a competitive edge in this market.
Approximations of ruin probabilities under financial constraints
(Applied Mathematical Sciences, 2022) Simwa, Richard O; Odiwuor, Calvine O; Onyango, Fredrick
In this paper, we investigate the approximate ruin probabilities un-der ﬁnancial constraints (interest rate, inﬂation, and taxation). We formulate a risk process whose premium inﬂow is inﬂuenced by the economic eﬀects of inﬂation and interest rate. Thereafter we invokethe Albrecher-Hipp loss-carried-forward tax scheme from which an ex-act formula for the ruin probability for exponentially distributed claimsis derived. Finally, an explicit asymptotic formula when the claims have sub-exponential distribution is also derived using the Pollaczek-Khintchine formula.
Assessment of Shareholder Strategy – An Internal Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective on Organizational Commitment in Five-Star Hotels in Kenya
(Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 2023) Maalim, Bashir M; Kibe, Lucy W; Ndolo, Jackson
In Kenya, Five-Star hotels are leading in employees’ turnover within the hotel industry at 68%. This surpasses the healthy turnover range (0-15%) and affect organizational performance through the high cost incurred to replace experienced workers. Workers’ commitment in an organization plays a vital role in addressing turnover intentions. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of shareholder strategy on organizational commitment in five-star hotels in Kenya. The study applied descriptive research design, cross-sectional approach and quantitative method to examine the study variables. A total of 216 hotel managers in five-star hotels in Kenya was the target population of the study, out of this, 144 hotel managers were selected as sample size in 2021. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data and a response rate of 86.8% was obtained. The study applied both descriptive and inferential statistical approaches to analyze data with tabulation, figures and narrative output presentation. The study found that Shareholder Strategy has statistically significant and positive effect and explains 53.1% variation of the Organizational Commitment in Five-Star hotels in Kenya. Empowering the workers with ability for decision-making, problem solving, and planning activities fosters loyalty and commitment which drastically reduces turnover intentions. The study recommends to the hotel management and Kenya Association of Hotelkeepers & Caterers to strive to formulate and implement CSR embedded Shareholder Strategy for raising workers’ Commitment with the aim to attract, motivate, and retain workers. The study suggests replication of the study in the same or other sectors to develop further the Internal CSR field.
Bayesian Model Averaging in Modeling of State Specific Failure Rates in HIV/AIDS Progression
(Mathematics and Statistics, 2022) Simwa, Richard O; Mwirigi, Nahashon; Wainaina, Mary; Sewe, Stanley
In modeling HIV/AIDS progression, we carried out a comprehensive investigation into the risk factors for state-specific-failure rates to identify the influential co-variates using Bayesian Model averaging method (BMA). BMA provides a posterior probability via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for each variable that belongs to the model. It accounts for model uncertainty by averaging all plausible models using their posterior probabilities as the weights for model-averaged predictions and estimates of the required parameters. Patients' age, and gender, among other co-variates, have been found to influence the state-specific-failure rates highly. However, the impact of each of the factors on the state specific-failure was not quantified. This paper seeks to evaluate and quantify the contribution of the patient's age and gender, CD4 cell count during any two consecutive visits, and state movement on the state-specific-failure rates for patients transiting either to the same, better or worse state. We used R Studio statistical Programming software to implement the method by applying BMS and BMA packages. State movement had a comparatively large coefficient with a posterior inclusion probability (PIP) of 0.8788 (87.88%). Hence, the most critical variable followed by observation-two-CD4-cell-count with a PIP of 0.1416 (14.16%), age and gender were the last with a PIP of 0.0556 (5.56%) and 0.0510 (5.10%) respectively for patients transiting to the same state. For patients transiting to a better state, the patients' age group dominated with a PIP of 0.9969 (99.69%), followed by patients' gender with a PIP of 0.0608 (6.08%). Patients' CD4 cell count during the second observation had the least PIP of 0.0399 (3.99%). For patients transiting to a worse disease state, patients CD4 cell count during the second observation proved to be the most important, with a PIP of 0.6179(61.79%) followed by state movement with a PIP of 0.2599 (25.99%), patients gender tailed with a PIP of 0.0467 (4.67%).
Business shared services model as a catalyst of cost reduction in East African Breweries Limited
(Future X Journal, 2023) Nyakundi, Nicholas; Owino, Edward
The business shared services model (BSSM) seeks to integrate service delivery between the headquarters and subsidiaries for the general good. In this paper, the role of BSSM as a catalyst of cost reduction in a manufacturing firm was explored. The predictive power of human resource shared services, finance shared services, logistic shared services, and customer shared services on cost reduction in East African Breweries Limited (EABL) was determined. Using a sample survey of 149 employees, it was established that a BSSM is a positive catalyst of cost reduction in the manufacturing sector in EABL. Adoption of BSSM fosters a distinct culture of collaboration resulting in efficacy in logistics services delivery.
Capital adequacy, risk absorption, and operational efficiency of Islamic in sub-Saharan Africa
(University of Turin, 2026) Njogo, Michael Njoroge.; Korir, Fiona Jepkosgei.; Dallu,Abdallah Mambo.
Abstract This study examines how capital adequacy shapes the operational efficiency of Islamic banks in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with particular emphasis on its role as an internal risk-absorption mechanism rather than a purely prudential stability buffer. Despite its central role in Islamic banking regulation, the efficiency implications of capital adequacy, particularly in developing and institutionally constrained Islamic finance markets, remain largely unexplored. Based on a balanced panel of fully-fledged Islamic banks in SSA from2010to 2024, the paper employs a two-step empirical approach. Bias-corrected operational efficiency scores are estimated in the first stage using the Simar–Wilson two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) framework. In the second stage, we explore the non-linear effects of capital adequacy on efficiency using panel regression techniques, controlling for bank-specific and institutional factors. To address endogeneity, persistence, and reverse causality, a dynamic panel model is estimated using System GMM as a robustness check. The findings indicate non-linear relationship between capital adequacy and operational efficiency. Moderate capital buffers are associated with improved efficiency through higher loss absorption capacity and stabilisation of operating costs, while excessive capitalisation is accompanied by scale inefficiencies and less effective intermediation. These results indicate that Islamic banking exhibits an efficiency trade-off in capital adequacy, as prudential strength beyond an optimal level may limit productivity in resource allocation. The study makes an important contribution to Islamic banking literature by reframing capital adequacy as a channel of structural efficiency and by providing rare dynamic evidence from SSA. This raises policy implications and suggests the need for commensurate capital calibration that balances prudential resilience against operational efficiency for emerging Sharīʿah-compliant banking systems.
Catch-up or divergence? Operational efficiency convergence dynamics of Islamic banks in SSA
(SSBFNET, 2026) Njogo, Michael Njoroge.; Korir, Fiona Jepkosgei.; Dallu,Abdallah Mambo.
Abstract This study examines whether Islamic banks in SSA exhibit convergence in operational efficiency or whether performance disparities persist over time. Specifically, it evaluates whether less efficient banks catch up with more efficient peers within the region’s emerging Islamic banking sector. The study adopts a two-stage empirical framework using panel data from 35 Islamic banks across SSA over the period 2010–2024. In the first stage, operational efficiency scores are estimated using a bias-corrected Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model following the Simar and Wilson two-stage approach. An input-oriented specification under Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) is employed to reflect cost minimization behaviour and heterogeneity in bank size. Bias correction is implemented using a bootstrap procedure to obtain consistent efficiency estimates. In the second stage, convergence dynamics are analysed using sigma (σ) and beta (β) convergence models, alongside conditional convergence regressions incorporating bank size, age, and market concentration. The results reveal significant β-convergence, with the baseline model yielding a coefficient of −0.267 (p < 0.01), while the conditional model confirms robust convergence (β = −0.2836, p < 0.01), indicating that banks with lower initial efficiency improve at a faster rate than more efficient institutions, consistent with catch-up dynamics. However, σ-convergence results show that efficiency dispersion declined between 2010 and 2019 but increased after 2020, indicating that convergence was time-varying rather than uniform. This suggests that while convergence forces exist, structural differences and external shocks continue to sustain efficiency gaps across banks. The findings highlight the need for stronger regulatory harmonization, improved financial infrastructure, and targeted capacity-building initiatives to accelerate efficiency convergence across Islamic banks in SSA.
Co- creating human- centred climate solutionsthrough challenge- based learning: Insightsfrom Kenya–UK learning and design lab
(British Educational Research Association., 2025) Mwangi, Renson Muchiri.; Muthuri, Judy N.; Kutuk,Gulsah.; Muriithi,Betsy.; Kamere, Grace.; Faßbender, Karina.
Abstract The global climate crisis calls for innovative educational approaches that empower individuals to critically engage with its complexities and inequalities. Climate change education (CCE) is a key strategy to foster the knowledge, agency, and action needed for such engagement, particularly within higher education. Yet, traditional content- driven approaches often fail to address the dynamic and context-specific nature of climate change impacts. This article explores the potential of human- centered challenge-based learning (HCCBL) to promote equitable and inclusive CCE through transdisciplinary co- creation and Global North–South dialogue. We draw on findings from the UK- Kenya University Partnerships: Learning and Design Lab, a British Council project that involved undergraduate and postgraduate students from universities in Kenya and England in the United Kingdom. Sixty (60) university students collaborated in intercultural teams across three labs to co-create solutions for real-world climate resilience challenges identified by three (3) industry partners in Kenya. The findings highlight HCCBL's value in bridging theoretical knowledge and real-world application as well as enhancing students' problem-solving and intercultural competencies. However, challenges such as cultural dynamics, time constraints, and asymmetric travel opportunities underscore the need for adaptive and equitable facilitation. This study positions HCCBL as a transformative pedagogy in CCE that supports co- creation, knowledge exchange, and sustainability leadership among university students in high-vulnerability contexts. It also discusses implications for educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders who are committed to inclusive, justice-oriented climate action through education
Constructs of Successful and Sustainable SME Leadership in East Africa
(Research Gate, 2016) Mwangi, Renson M
Despite the markedly increased foreign investment, East African economies remain characterized by low levels of investment and capital formation with high level of attrition among indigenous small and medium enterprises.While there is a high failure rate among these SMEs, some are beginning to turn the corner and are exhibiting signs of robustness, inovetivness and sustainability. Relying on narrative accounts of successful SMEs leaders in Kenya and Uganda obtained through interviews and focus group discussions, this study sought to construct an account of leadership practices and ascription of success for SMEs that had succeeded. The study identified eight leadership constructs characteristic of successful SME leaders in Kenya and Uganda grouped into visioning, building commitment, social capital, personal values, anticipation and resilience, resourcefulness, responsiveness, and entrepreneurial orientation. While these results, on the face value, are apparently not unique, it was in the nuances of the leadership practice that difference was made. In conclusion, the study highlights implications for these findings in relation to policy and leadership practice among SMEs.
Corporate Turn Around Strategies By Financially Distressed Companies Quoted At The Nairobi Securities Exchange
(IISTE, 2014) Waweru, Gabriel; Mbogo, John
Firms that are experiencing financial distress take one action or another in order to turn around their performance. This study sought to find out what turnaround strategies are taken by companies that faced by financial distress. The financially distressed companies generally take actions that are aimed at reducing costs e.g. laying off employees, asset sales and dividend cuts or take actions that are aimed at increasing revenue generation e.g. asset acquisitions in order to improve efficiency. In severe cases of financial distress a company may opt or be forced into liquidation through bankruptcy proceedings. The Kenyan economy under the period of review had mixed results of growing and declining presumably as a result of among others, the global economic crises, the post election violence, loss of investor confidence at the NSE and increased inflation, thus the need to establish the restructuring strategies that the financially distressed companies took in order to turnaround their performance. This study carried out a survey of the companies that were listed for the entire period of the study (2002-2008). Performance of the companies was established by conducting the Z score analysis on each of the companies. The Z score analysis identified 8 companies has having been financially distressed at one point or another during the period of the study. The survey found out that employee layoff was the most preferred course of action being carried out by 63% by the companies. Asset restructuring was the second most preferred turnaround strategy being carried out by 50% of the companies. Debt restructuring and top management change were the least preferred turn around strategies each one of them being taken by one company each. The study also found out that, in the year of distress the restructuring strategies are more intensified and are carried out less intensively in the subsequent years after distress. This may is presumably because of reducing the immediate liquidity problems being faced by the firm.
Digital Marketing Strategy and Consumer Purchase Intention
(Future X Journal, 2023) Awuor, Teresia; Owino, Edward; Ntara, Caroline
The emergence of the electronic marketplace has redefined marketing practices. Today, competitiveness is defined by a firm’s experience in being tech savvy. Leveraging digital marketing tools is an antecedent to influencing consumer purchase intentions and is gaining traction in many industries. In the face of these developments, limited evidence exists on the adoption and use of technology in the motor vehicle industry. Global trends point to the existence of volatility in the sales of vehicles, hence the need for examining the probable nexus between digital marketing tools and consumer purchase intention in the motor vehicle industry in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to establish the effect of social media marketing, website marketing and search engine optimization on consumer purchase intention. Anchoring on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, theory of reasoned action and the technology acceptance model, the study demonstrates the application of these theories in influencing consumer purchase intention. Guided by a cross-sectional survey design, the study targeted 197 registered motor dealers in Nairobi City County. Researchers used a simple random sampling to select 131 respondents. A structured research instrument was 139 Digital Marketing Strategy and Consumer Purchase Intention. Awuor, T., Owino, E. & Ntara, C. (2023). Future X Journal 1(2), 139-157. Introduction The transition of buyers from the physical market space to the electronic market space (e- market) requires modern firms to shift from being brick-and-mortar organisations to being either pure-play entities or click-and-mortar organisations. As time passes, new technologies are emerging to supplement or substitute business roles more efficiently and expediently. Marketing is one of the most transformed business functions, with more companies integrating digital technologies into their daily operations, especially following the Covid-19 pandemic (Chouhan & Singh, 2021). Digital technologies have transformed marketing communication and how customers interact with their favourite brands (Fawzeea et al., 2019). The motor vehicle industry is one of the most concentrated industries in the world, with few registered companies fiercely competing in the same market (Khisa & Kariuki, 2022). According to Al- Kanaani et al. (2021), the vehicle production rate far exceeds purchase capacity in developing nations, and motor industry firms must integrate new marketing technologies to remain competitive. deployed in data collection and the survey monkey technique was applied to complement the process. A pilot test of the instrument was done, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. A mean scores analysis shows that automobile firms have embraced the use of digital marketing to a great extent. Exploratory factor analysis decomposed the study variables into a three- factor structure. The factors were regressed against the predicted variable and the first two factors had a positive and significant effect while the third factor had a significant but negative effect on the predicted variable. It was deduced that digital marketing tools significantly affected consumer purchase intention; therefore, players in the auto mobile industry should swiftly embrace and invest in digital marketing technologies to excel in the e- market space.
Effect Of Budgeting Practices On The Financial Performance Of Insurance Companies In Kenya
(International Journal of Economics, 2017) Njogo, Michael; Ngumi, Daniel K
Purpose: The general objective of this study was to establish the impact of budgeting practices on financial performance of insurance companies in Kenya. Methodology: The study applied descriptive research design. The population of the study comprised the 45 insurance and reinsurers companies that are were registered by the year 2010.The target sample was 50% of the population. A sample size of 50% is adequate for a descriptive study which has a small population. This implied that the sample was 23 insurance companies. Convenient sampling was used to obtain the 23 insurance companies. The study used secondary data collected from the Insurance Regulatory Authority, Association of Kenya Insurers and the respective insurance and reinsurers companies. The study used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 17.0) and Stata version 13 to analyze the panel data. Descriptive statistics such as, mean and frequencies and inferential statistics (regression and correlation analysis) were used to perform data analysis. Results: The study found out that CAPEX variance and performance (ROI) are negatively and significant related (r=-0.1611, p=0.000), OPEX variance and performance (ROI) are negatively and significant related (r=-0.1267, p=0.000), human resource variance and performance (ROI) were negatively and significantly related (r=-0.1129, p=0.000) while income variance and performance (ROI) were also positively and significantly related (r=0.2136, p=0.000). From the findings, the study concluded that CAPEX variance has a negative and significant effect on performance (ROI). The study also concluded that OPEX variance has a negative and significant effect on performance (ROI). In addition, the study concluded that human resource variance has a negative and significant effect on performance (ROI) and lastly, the study concluded that income variance has a positive and significant effect on performance (ROI). Policy recommendation: Study recommended that insurance companies should focus on minimizing the variances. Secondly, the study recommends that insurance firms need to focus on maximizing income variance since it was found to have a positive effect on performance. This would ensure that they derive maximum returns from their operations.
Effect of Equity Risk Factors on the Return of Stock Portfolios of Companies Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya Between 2009 and 2014
(Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2017) Njogo, Michael; Simiyu, Eddie
Investors and investment advisors strive to make the best investment decisions when forming a stock portfolio. However, at the Nairobi securities exchange in Kenya, most investors are not optimizing the return of their stock portfolios because they do not consider relevant factors when investing in stocks. In particular, they do not consider equity risk factors when forming stock portfolios. In the United States of America, Dimensional fund advisors have shown that if active investors tilt their stock portfolio towards equity risk factors such as value risk and size risk, the return of the stock portfolio formed is better than that of the market portfolio. Capital asset pricing model has been the generally accepted model for explaining the relationship between risk and stock portfolio return variations. However, the restrictive assumption of employing the market risk as the only source of risk in capital asset pricing model led to the introduction of multiple factors models that attempt to identify other sources of risks that are disregarded by the capital asset pricing model. Available empirical evidence suggest that much of the variation in stock returns related to size risk, value risk, momentum risk, profitability risk and investment risk is left unexplained by Capital asset pricing model. This motivated the researcher to examine a model that adds the five risk factors to capital asset pricing model. As a result, a six factors model was developed and used to determine the ability of the combined six equity risk factors in explaining the variation of stock returns at the Nairobi securities exchange in Kenya. The general objective of this study was to establish the effect of equity risk factors on the return of stock portfolios of companies listed at the Nairobi securities exchange in Kenya between 2009 and 2014. The study adopted the explanatory research design and the target population was 45 companies that were listed at the Nairobi securities exchange by January 2009 (after excluding companies that were not trading consistently and those that were delisted). A census of 45 companies was used to construct stock portfolios between 2009 and 2014. Data was analyzed using a modified Fama and French (1996) multivariate time series regression methodology. The study found out that market risk, size risk, value risk and investment risk have a significant effect while profitability risk and momentum risk have a weak positive effect on the return of stock portfolios at the Nairobi securities exchange. This study recommends a framework for enhancing factor investing strategies, introducing exchange traded funds index and reviewing policies on price determination of listed stocks. The study availed to investors, investment advisors and academia the equity risks that are worth considering when constructing a stock portfolio at the Nairobi securities exchange for optimal stock returns.
Effect of Fundamental Firm Characteristics on Operational Efficiency of Microfinance Banks in Kenya
(International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2022) Ondabu, Ibrahim T; Witila, Christian D
This study seeks to examine the effect of fundamental firm characteristics on the operational efficiency of microfinance banks in Kenya. The independent variables were firm size, liquidity, leverage, cash reserves and asset tangibility. Descriptive research design was adopted, and study collected data from twelve (12) licensed microfinance banks in Kenya. This study adopted panel data regression model to analyse data with the assistance of STATA version 12. The analysed data was presented using tables and figures. The study found that firm size and asset tangibility had statistically significant positive effect on operational efficiency of microfinance banks in Kenya. The study further found that that liquidity, leverage and cash reserve had statistically insignificant negative effect on operational efficiency of microfinance banks in Kenya. The study recommends that microfinance banks should embrace asset tangibility on their strategic decision making and also that they can issue more debt as a strategy for more revenue generation. Also, the Central Bank of Kenya should formulate and enact a policy which makes commercial debt cheaper hence reduce cost of operations of microfinance banks so as to reduce interest rates in order to attract investors who will inject more funds into these financial firms. The study also recommends that microfinance banks ought to increase their network of branches countrywide to attract new customers to open new accounts and in so doing increase their deposits and that the Central Bank of Kenya should formulate policies that encourage microfinance banks to invest more in research and development and innovation so as to enable microfinance banks to design and develop competitive products or services that add value to the customers and which will foster their growth at large.
Effect Of Institutional Capital On Institution’s Financial Stability Of Deposit-taking Saccos In Kenya
(International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 2023) Kifworo, Michael; Kiveu, Mary; Njuguna, Peter
The deposit-taking Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) sector is a crucial component of the financial industry contributing significantly to Kenya's economic growth. However, there is still a challenge on adequate regulatory to enhance compliance given that majority of the SACCO members are small and thus may be technically and financially constrained to meet the tight liquidity requirements set by SASRA. The general objective of this research inquiry was to explore the effects of capital composition (structure) decisions on the institution's financial stability. The study used a populace of one hundred and seventy-four Deposit Taking Savings & Credit Co-operatives Societies (DTSs) that filed their report for the period ranging from 2014 to 2018 was considered. Data analysis was done through inferential and descriptive statistics. The correlation and regression features of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20 were used in the analysis of data. The data showed a degree of variation between the capital structure decision of the deposit-taken SACCOs in Kenya. There was a positive correlation between the institutional capital and institutional capital to total assets ratio, core capital, total deposits ratio, and total assets to total loans ratio. This study will provide academics and other researcher with relevant information regarding the influence of financing approaches on the growth of deposit- taking SACCOS in Kenya and will help the management of the deposits and credit cooperative societies in implementing viable financial guidelines.
Effect Of Intangible Resources On Firm’s Competitive Advantage In The Telecommunication Industry In Kenya
(2023) Ndirangu, Amos M; Owino, Edward
The study sought to determine the effect of intangible resources on a firm’s competitive advantage in the telecommunications industry in Kenya. The specific objectives were to evaluate the influence of intellectual property, goodwill, intellectual capital as well as corporate culture on the competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in Kenya. The study utilized an explanatory research design. The study focused on four telecommunication companies in Kenya, which included Safaricom, Airtel, Finserve, and Telkom. The target population was therefore 153 staff working in enterprise business, finance, human resource, and corporate affairs departments in telecommunication companies in Kenya. Slovin's Formula was employed to determine the sample size. This study used stratified random sampling in the selection of the sample size from the target population. The study used primary data, which was collected by the use of semi-structured questionnaires. A pilot test was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the research instrument. The semi-structured questionnaire produced both quantitative and qualitative data. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, and the findings were presented in a narrative form. With the help of SPSS version 24, quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics comprised of frequency distribution, mean, percentages, and standard deviation. Inferential statistics including correlation as well as multivariate regression analysis then followed. Tables and figures (bar charts as well as pie charts) were employed to present the results. The study found that intellectual property has a positive and significant effect on the competitive advantage of Kenya's telecommunications industry. Moreover, the study found that goodwill has a positive and significant effect on the competitive advantage of Kenya's telecommunications industry. Further, the study found that intellectual capital has a positive and significant effect on the competitive advantage of Kenya's telecommunications industry. The study also found that corporate culture has a positive and significant effect on the competitive advantage of Kenya's telecommunications industry. This study, therefore, recommends that the management of Kenya's telecommunications industry should motivate the employees by rewarding them, acknowledging their achievements, sharing positive feedback, offering flexible scheduling, and providing a conducive working environment to help strengthen the competitive advantage of the organizations. In addition, the management should strive towards recruiting as well as grooming the best team as well as enhance the employees’ skills by conducting regular training, coaching, mentorship, and workshops to get a competitive advantage in the organization. The management should also invest in their employees through promotion, involving employees in writing a mission statement, conducting training programs, motivating the employees through rewards, and creating a feedback culture. In addition, the management should include the invention of products and services in their patents to stop others from copying, manufacturing, selling, or importing their invention without their permission.
Effect of Leverage on Social- Environmental Responsibilities Disclosures in Financial Reports of Kenyan Listed Firms
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2023) Kemei, Ceasar; Njuguna, Peter; Rotich, Abraham
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect leverage on social-environmental responsibilities disclosures in Annual financial reports of Kenyan listed firms. Descriptive research design was used and secondary data was collected from 2009 to 2018 annual reports of 45 companies listed prior to 2009. Content analysis was used to determine the quality of disclosure guided by Global Reporting Initiative index. Using random regression analysis the study showed that leverage were positively significant disclosure of social environmental responsibilities information on financial reports of Kenyan listed firms. This study deviates from previous studies done in Kenya by exploring one factor of leverage and extents the quality score from just 0 and 1 to 0 to 3 to measure quality. This study informs the need for companies in Kenya to voluntary disclose social environmental issues in their financial reports to attract capital providers and to contribute the understanding of determinant of leverage on SER in theory and practice from its findings.
Effect of Management Practices on the Financial Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Kenya
(Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2017) Owino, Edward; Mutunga, Dorothy