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Cybersecurity resilience in digital finance: addressing threats,security protocols, data privacy, and fraud prevention strategies
(IJAFSSR, 2025) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.
The financial sector is increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats due to its reliance on digital infrastructure and the vast amounts of sensitive financial data it processes. This study examines the key cybersecurity threats affecting financial institutions, including data breaches, phishing attacks, ransomware, insider threats, and regulatory non-compliance. It further explores the security protocols used to mitigate these risks, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), encryption, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven fraud detection, and blockchain technology. Additionally, the study investigates data privacy concerns and regulatory challenges faced by financial institutions, assessing compliance with frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS). The research also highlights fraud prevention strategies, including real-time transaction monitoring and behavioral analytics, to counter financial cybercrime. By analyzing existing literature and regulatory policies, this study provides insights into strengthening cybersecurity resilience in financial services. The findings underscore the need for a proactive, multi-layered security approach that integrates advanced technologies, regulatory compliance, and continuous risk assessments to protect financial data and maintain institutional trust.
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Does executive compensation structure contribute to financial distress? Lessons from Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed nonfinancial firms
(International Academic Journals, 2025) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Oyaro, John.; Memba, Florence.; Oluoch, Oluoch.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of executive compensation structure on the financial distress of Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed non-financial firms. The study was anchored on the agency theory. A census of all 45 nonfinancial listed firms at the NSE was carried out using the cross-sectional research design. Secondary data extracted from published financial statements and other annual reports of the respective individual firms for a period of ten years from 2014 to 2023 was employed. In the study the Zscore for emerging economies was used to determine financial distress. Executive compensation structure was measured using the proportion of earnings before interest and tax that was distributed to board of directors. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. Descriptive statistics included mean score and standard deviation. Inferential analysis was conducted via univariate logistic regression analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. The study determined that a significant negative correlation exist between executive compensation structure and financial distress (r = -0.811: p=0.000). The study also determined that there exists a strong negative relationship between executive compensation structure and financial distress (β= -0.729: p=0.000). 34.1% to 45.5% variations in financial distress of non-financial listed firms explained by executive compensation structure. Consequently, this study established that for every one-unit improvement in executive compensation, the odds of financial distress decreases by 51.7%. The study therefore concluded that executive compensation structure as a significant negative effect on financial distress implying that an increase in executive compensation may lead the firm into financial distress. The study thus recommends that organisations should design an optimum executive compensation structure which aligns the interests of the management with those of the owners of firms thereby minimizing not only agency conflicts but also agency costs which firms may incur.
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Spare parts availability strategies and organizational performance of licensed motor vehicle assemblers in Kenya
(Scientific & Academic Publishing Co., 2026) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Warui, Catherine B. Muthoni.
This study examined the influence of spare parts availability strategy on organizational performance among licensed motor vehicle assemblers in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 110 employees across four licensed assemblers, achieving an 88.18% response rate (97 respondents). Data were collected using structured Likert-scale questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that spare parts availability strategy had a weak and statistically insignificant relationship with organizational performance (R = .086, R² = .007, p = .403). The model explained only 0.7% of the variance in organizational performance, suggesting that spare parts availability alone does not significantly predict performance outcomes within the sector. The study concludes that while spare parts management remains operationally important, it does not independently drive organizational performance. The findings recommend integrated strategic alignment of spare parts systems with broader organizational capabilities such as forecasting accuracy, digital integration, and supply chain coordination to enhance performance outcomes.
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Operational efficiency strategies and operational performance in Kenya's aviation industry: the mediating role of service quality.
(Open Access Publishing Group, 2026) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Ng'ang'a, Loise Wangari.
Operational performance is a key indicator of efficiency and competitiveness in the aviation industry. It is commonly measured using indicators such as on-time performance, aircraft utilization, load factors, fuel efficiency, and operational disruptions. The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of operational efficiency strategies on operational performance in Kenya's aviation industry. Specifically, the study examined the effect of strategic fleet management, digital technology integration in operations, turnaround time optimization, and competency alignment on operational performance. In addition, the study assessed the mediating effect of service quality on the relationship between operational efficiency strategies and operational performance. The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View Theory, Dynamic Capabilities Theory, and Service Quality Theory and adopted an explanatory research design. The target population comprised 320 employees in Kenya's aviation industry working in the Operations Management, Engineering, Human Resource, and Training departments. A sample of 178 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling to ensure proportional representation across departments. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot study involving 18 respondents (10% of the sample) was conducted to test reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha used to assess internal consistency, while validity was determined using the Content Validity Index. Data were coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, including means, standard deviations, and correlation analysis to test relationships and mediation effects. The findings showed that strategic fleet management (β = 0.50, p < 0.005) and turnaround time optimization (β = 0.53, p < 0.005) significantly enhanced operational performance, while digital technology integration had a significant negative effect (β = -0.24, p = 0.05), indicating possible implementation challenges. Service quality significantly mediated the relationship between operational efficiency strategies and operational performance (β = 0.0318, p = 0.0478), strengthening these effects. Overall, operational efficiency strategies improved performance, with service quality playing a reinforcing role. The study recommended investment in fleet systems, turnaround optimization, effective digital technology adoption, staff training, and continuous service quality improvement to enhance operational efficiency in Kenya's aviation industry.
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Gross domestic product and financial performance of energy and petroleum companies listed at the Nairobi securities exchange in Kenya
(IPRJB, 2026) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Gitati, J. K.; Kimani E. M
Potential investors in any sector seek to establish the financial performance of the sector before investment. The key factors that would affect the variability of the expected returns ought to be taken into consideration, and appropriate measures taken to mitigate any inappropriate conditions. This study sought to investigate the effect of gross domestic product on the financial performance of energy and petroleum firms listed at the NSE in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design. All four energy and petroleum firms are listed on the NSE. Secondary data covering a period of seven years from 2017 to 2023 was sourced from published annual reports and financial statements of all four listed energy and petroleum firms at the NSE in Kenya, National Bureau of Statistics periodic reports, using a data collection sheet. Data was analyzed with the aid of STATA18 software using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Descriptive tools included frequencies, percentages, means, variances, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics tools included Pearson’s Product correlation and panel regression analysis, which were used in examining how macroeconomic variables affect the financial performance of listed energy and petroleum firms at the NSE Kenya. The study revealed that the R2 value of 56% of the variations in the perceived financial performance can be explained by the variations in the gross domestic product, while factors not studied in this research contributed 44% of the variance in the dependent variable. Panel regression results concluded that gross domestic product significantly affects the financial performance of energy and petroleum firms listed at the NSE, Kenya. The study recommended that firms and policymakers should establish a Macroeconomic Risk Monitoring Unit within the Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (EPRA) to track GDP in real time and guide strategic pricing, investment, and hedging decisions. Additionally, the NSE and CMA could jointly develop a Macroeconomic-Adjusted Energy Performance Index (MEPI), a specialized benchmark that tracks how listed energy firms respond to Kenya’s GDP cycles. This would promote transparency, attract investors, and facilitate evidence-based policymaking for energy-sector resilience.