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Green financing and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya
(SSRN, 2025) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Oboyo, Nixon.
This study examined the impact of green financing mechanisms on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. A descriptive research design was applied, focusing on Tier 1 banks as key players in green finance, with secondary data obtained from Central Bank of Kenya (CBK)-assessed financial statements covering 2019–2023. Panel data regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between green financing and financial performance, while the regulatory environment was considered as a moderating variable. Robustness of the models was ensured through diagnostic tests, including the Hausman, Breusch-Pagan, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and linearity tests. The findings revealed that green bonds, green mortgages, and carbon assets collectively influence bank performance, and that green financing significantly improves the financial performance of commercial banks. Furthermore, the regulatory environment was found to play a moderating role in strengthening this relationship, highlighting the importance of effective oversight and supportive policy frameworks. The study concludes that stronger regulatory support and targeted policy interventions are vital in enhancing banks’ participation in sustainable projects while safeguarding profitability. It recommends that regulatory bodies refine existing policies to align green financing with financial stability and that the government consider introducing stimulus packages to encourage greater investment by commercial banks in green finance. These insights add to the discourse on sustainable finance and provide practical implications for policymakers, regulators, and financial institutions seeking to balance profitability with sustainability.
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Funding climate action: a systematic review of climate finance efficiency and impact
(JEFMS, 2025) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Wafula ,Anthony Emmanuel Wabwile.
This study presents a systematic review of the efficiency and impact of climate finance, with a focus on the key funding sources, allocation patterns, and the effectiveness of current climate finance mechanisms in advancing climate mitigation goals. Climate finance has emerged as a critical component of global efforts to combat climate change, yet its efficiency and impact remain under scrutiny. The study synthesizes existing empirical literature on climate finance, examining the role of public, private, and blended finance in funding climate action. It highlights the major sources of climate finance, including bilateral and multilateral funds, as well as private sector investments, and evaluates how these funds are allocated across various regions and sectors. Additionally, the study explores the operational mechanisms of climate finance, assessing their effectiveness in mobilizing resources for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The findings reveal that while significant progress has been made in mobilizing climate finance, there are persistent challenges related to funding gaps, fragmentation, and inefficiencies in the allocation of resources. The impact of climate finance on achieving climate mitigation goals has been varied, with successes in some areas, particularly in renewable energy and forest conservation, but limited progress in others due to governance issues, lack of coordination, and weak institutional frameworks. The study calls for a more streamlined and transparent approach to climate finance, emphasizing the importance of effective governance and accountability mechanisms to enhance the efficiency of funding and maximize its impact on climate mitigation. Recommendations are provided to improve the alignment of climate finance with sustainable development objectives, address regional disparities, and overcome the barriers to large-scale private investment in climate action.
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Agricultural credit cooperatives and warehouse receipt financing as drivers of smallholder productivity in Nakuru county
(Open Journal Publishing, 2025) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Abdi, Hassan Abdullahi .
This study examines the influence of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives (ACCs) and Warehouse Receipt Financing (WRF) on smallholder farmers’ productivity in Nakuru County. Drawing on data from 272 farmers, findings show that both ACCs (β = .211, p < .001) and WRF (β = .265, p < .001) significantly enhance productivity by increasing access to affordable credit, enabling timely input acquisition, reducing distress selling, and stabilizing market participation. Descriptive results reveal strong reliance on cooperatives but limited access to certified warehouses. The study recommends strengthening cooperative governance, expanding rural warehouse infrastructure, digitizing warehouse receipts, and integrating WRF into national food reserve systems.
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Cybersecurity resilience in digital finance: addressing threats,security protocols, data privacy, and fraud prevention strategies
(IJAFSSR, 2025) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.
The financial sector is increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats due to its reliance on digital infrastructure and the vast amounts of sensitive financial data it processes. This study examines the key cybersecurity threats affecting financial institutions, including data breaches, phishing attacks, ransomware, insider threats, and regulatory non-compliance. It further explores the security protocols used to mitigate these risks, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), encryption, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven fraud detection, and blockchain technology. Additionally, the study investigates data privacy concerns and regulatory challenges faced by financial institutions, assessing compliance with frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS). The research also highlights fraud prevention strategies, including real-time transaction monitoring and behavioral analytics, to counter financial cybercrime. By analyzing existing literature and regulatory policies, this study provides insights into strengthening cybersecurity resilience in financial services. The findings underscore the need for a proactive, multi-layered security approach that integrates advanced technologies, regulatory compliance, and continuous risk assessments to protect financial data and maintain institutional trust.
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Does executive compensation structure contribute to financial distress? Lessons from Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed nonfinancial firms
(International Academic Journals, 2025) Ondabu, Ibrahim Tirimba.; Oyaro, John.; Memba, Florence.; Oluoch, Oluoch.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of executive compensation structure on the financial distress of Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed non-financial firms. The study was anchored on the agency theory. A census of all 45 nonfinancial listed firms at the NSE was carried out using the cross-sectional research design. Secondary data extracted from published financial statements and other annual reports of the respective individual firms for a period of ten years from 2014 to 2023 was employed. In the study the Zscore for emerging economies was used to determine financial distress. Executive compensation structure was measured using the proportion of earnings before interest and tax that was distributed to board of directors. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. Descriptive statistics included mean score and standard deviation. Inferential analysis was conducted via univariate logistic regression analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. The study determined that a significant negative correlation exist between executive compensation structure and financial distress (r = -0.811: p=0.000). The study also determined that there exists a strong negative relationship between executive compensation structure and financial distress (β= -0.729: p=0.000). 34.1% to 45.5% variations in financial distress of non-financial listed firms explained by executive compensation structure. Consequently, this study established that for every one-unit improvement in executive compensation, the odds of financial distress decreases by 51.7%. The study therefore concluded that executive compensation structure as a significant negative effect on financial distress implying that an increase in executive compensation may lead the firm into financial distress. The study thus recommends that organisations should design an optimum executive compensation structure which aligns the interests of the management with those of the owners of firms thereby minimizing not only agency conflicts but also agency costs which firms may incur.